Ngale Kwezisekelo: Abashayeli Abayisihluthulelo Abayisithupha kanye Nezigaba Ezintathu Zamasu Zempumelelo Yokukhiqiza Okusanhlamvu

Ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu kuwumgogodla weminotho eminingi yezolimo, okuhlinzeka ngokudla, ukudla, nemali engenayo ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, ukuphumelela kule nsimu kungaphezu nje kokutshala nokuvuna; kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ulwazi oluningi, nokunaka imininingwane. Njengoba isidingo somhlaba wonke sokusanhlamvu siqhubeka sikhuphuka, abalimi kufanele basebenzise izindlela zamasu zokukhulisa umkhiqizo nokuqinisekisa ukusimama. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwesivuno emashumini eminyaka adlule zibalulwe lapha, kanye nezigaba zokulawulwa kwezitshalo ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekwe eduze. Ngokugxila ekukhetheni imbewu eyingxube ephumelelayo, izindlela eziqinile zezolimo, ukulima okunembayo, nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, abalimi ngeke nje bakhulise isivuno kodwa futhi bavikele impilo yomhlabathi futhi baphathe izinsiza ngokuzibophezela nangokuqhubekayo.

Nazi izinto eziyisithupha ezibalulekile ezithinta isivuno okufanele wonke umlimi wokusanhlamvu azicabangele ukuze aphumelele isikhathi eside.

1. Izinhlobo Zembewu Ehlanganisiwe : Abalimi kufanele bakubeke eqhulwini ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe bakamuva bembewu. ENingizimu Afrika, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zembewu eyingxube ezitholakalayo ukuze zihambisane nezinqubo zokuphatha ezihlukene kanye nezimo zemvelo. Isibonelo, kubhontshisi wesoya nommbila, abalimi banezinketho abangakhetha kuzo phakathi kwezimbewu eziguqulwe ngofuzo (GM) nezingezona ezeGM. Kwezinye izindawo kubalulekile ukubeka eqhulwini izitshalo ezimelana nesomiso kuyilapho ezindaweni ezingase zichelelwe, abalimi bakhetha izinhlobo zommbila ezivuna kakhulu ezibekezelela ukuminyana kwezitshalo.
2. Imikhuba Yezolimo Ethuthukisiwe : Ingxenye ebalulekile yenzuzo yesivuno emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule ingabalulwa ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu ezolimo. Ngisho nezinhlobo zembewu ezingcono kakhulu zingakwazi ukusebenza kahle ngaphandle kokuphatha kahle, ngakho ukuhlanganisa ukukhetha kwembewu nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu kubalulekile.
3. Imishini : Imishini yesimanje—ogandaganda, izitsha zokutshala, izifutho, nezivuni—kuguqule ukusebenza kahle kokulima. Ngemishini ethuthukisiwe, abalimi bangavala izindawo ezinkulu ngaphakathi kwamafasitela okutshala amancane futhi balawule ukhula, izinambuzane, nezifo ngempumelelo. Kube lula futhi kubalimi ukuthi basebenzise izindlela zokulima ezinembayo besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili.
4. Ukuvundisa Nokuphathwa Kwenhlabathi : Umhlabathi udlala izindima ezinhlanu ezibalulekile: ukusekela ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuhlinzeka ukuzinza komzimba, ukulawula amanzi, umsoco wamabhayisikili, nokuhlunga ukungcola. Umanyolo uvame ukuba yizindleko ezibaluleke kakhulu zomlimi, kodwa ngokuhlaziywa kokuvunda kwenhlabathi kanye nokuphathwa kwezakhi, abalimi bangakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kukamanyolo kuyilapho bevikela impilo yomhlabathi.
5. Ukulawulwa Kokhula, Izinambuzane, Nezifo : Ukhula olungalawuleki, izinambuzane, nezifo kunganciphisa kakhulu isivuno. Abalimi abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika manje basebenzisa ama-fungicides, ama-herbicides, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinhlobo zommbila oshintshwe izakhi zofuzo-njengommbila we-Bt, olawula ama-stalk borer, kanye nommbila obekezelela i-glyphosate nezici ze-Roundup Ready-ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo.
6. Izinsizakalo Zokucwaninga Nezandiso : Ukufunda okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele. Izinyathelo zocwaningo zomphakathi nezizimele zingenisa izinqubo ezintsha futhi ziqinisekisa izindlela ezikhona, ezisekela ukukhula kwabalimi ngokusebenzisa imininingwane ebuyekeziwe. Abalimi abavuleleke kakhulu ekufundeni nasekusebenziseni izindlela ezintsha zokulima ezikhathini zamuva nje bandise isivuno sezitshalo.

Izigaba Ezintathu Ezibalulekile Zokulawula Izilimo Ezisanhlamvu Zempumelelo Yesikhathi Eside

1. Imibono yangaphambi kwesizini

Yenza ukubuyekezwa okuphelele komhlabathi wakho kanye nedatha yomlando ngaphambi kokutshala. Kulabo abalima endaweni entsha, hlola umhlabathi futhi ubuyekeze noma yimiphi imisebenzi yezolimo yangaphambilini emhlabeni. Ukuhlaziya umhlabathi kusiza ukusetha okuhlosiwe kwesivuno okungokoqobo, okubuye kube ngumhlahlandlela wezidingo zokufakwayo. Uma usebenzisa osonkontileka, qinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zabo zihambisana nezinjongo zakho kanye nesabelomali kunokungaphumeleli ezinqumweni eziphethwe usonkontileka. Qiniseka ukuthi izinhlelo zakho zihambisana kahle nesivuno olindelekile kanye nenzuzo. Ukulima okuhle kudinga ukuqina kanye nombono. Umlimi ohlelayo futhi atshale kusenesikhathi akagcini nje ngokuthemba isivuno esikhulu - uyasakha.

2. Ukuphathwa Kwesizini

Lwela ukutshala kusenesikhathi futhi unakekele ngokucophelela izitshalo esigabeni ngasinye sokukhula. Landelela imininingwane ebalulekile njengemvula, izigameko zezinambuzane (nezithombe nezinsuku), izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenzisiwe, nanoma yikuphi okungavamile - ebhukwini lokubhalela elizinikele. Abanye abalimi basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-drone ukuze bathwebule izithombe zasemoyeni zezitshalo ezigabeni zokukhula ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlaziywa kwelebhu kwamasampula eqabunga kunganikeza ukuqonda ngokutholakala komsoco, kusize ukulungiswa kwamaphakathi nesizini. Lawa marekhodi abaluleke kakhulu ezinyathelweni zokulungisa ngokushesha, nasekuhleleni izinkathi ezizayo. Impahla enkulu umlimi anayo ulwazi aluthola kokuhlangenwe nakho epulazini lakhe.

3. Ukuhlaziywa Kwangemva Kwesizini

Linganisa idatha eqoqwe ngesikhathi sokuvuna ukuze ucwenge izibikezelo zesivuno futhi uthuthukise izinqubo. Rekhoda ukuhluka kwesivuno kuzo zonke izigaba zensimu ezihlukene, ezingase ziveze ukuvunda, ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwenhlabathi, i-pH, noma izinkinga ezihlobene nezinambuzane. Sebenzisa le mininingwane ukuze wazise amasu esikhathi esizayo futhi uthuthukise ukukhiqiza.

Isiphetho

Emkhiqizweni wezitshalo zokusanhlamvu, impumelelo ayivamile ukuba yenzeke ngengozi - iwumphumela wokuhlela ngokucophelela, ukukhishwa okuqondile, nokufunda okuqhubekayo. Ngokugxila ekukhetheni izinhlobonhlobo zembewu eyingxube efanele, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ze-agronomic, nokusebenzisa imishini yesimanje, abalimi bazilungiselela isivuno esiqinile kanye nokusimama kwesikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, ngokunaka kakhulu imininingwane yangaphambi kwesizini, ukuphathwa kwesizini, nokuhlaziya kwangemva kwesizini, abalimi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ezithuthukisa izinsiza, zivikele impilo yomhlabathi, futhi zithuthukise ukukhiqiza unyaka nonyaka. Njengoba ezolimo ziqhubeka nokuthuthuka, abalimi abahlala benolwazi futhi abazivumelanisa nezimo bayoba sesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokukhula ezimakethe ezikhulayo ezincintisanayo kanye nesimo sezulu esishintshayo. Ukulima kuyisayensi kanye nobuciko , futhi umlimi oqhubeka efunda ohlanganisa isayensi nolwazi nokudala uyozuza impumelelo ehlala njalo.