Ukwandisa Ukukhiqizwa Kommbila Ngokusebenzisa Umhlaba Ngokunenzuzo

I-Afrika ibhekene nenselelo ephuthumayo: ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla ukuze kuliwe nokukhuphuka kokuntuleka kokudla ezwenikazi lonke. Njengoba ummbila usalokhu uyisitshalo esiyisisekelo emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, amandla okukhulisa isivuno ngehektha ngalinye kuyithuba elibalulekile lokubhekana nalolu daba olunzima. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo uphakama: yiziphi izinyathelo abalimi abangazithatha ukukhulisa umkhiqizo wokusanhlamvu, futhi izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zingawusekela kanjani ngempumelelo umkhakha wezolimo? Ngokuhlola izitayela zomhlaba kanye nezesifunda ekukhiqizweni kommbila, ikakhulukazi impumelelo emangalisayo e-USA, China, naseNingizimu Afrika, singathola imininingwane engasebenza engaguqula ukulima kommbila e-Afrika. Lesi sihloko sidingida izici ezibalulekile eziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwesivuno futhi sigqamisa izinyathelo zamasu ezidingekayo ukuze kuvulwe amandla ezolimo e-Afrika, kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kokudla kanye nokukhula komnotho esikhathini esizayo.

Izibonelo ezivela emhlabeni wonke

1. I-USA : I-USA ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wommbila emhlabeni. Ngo-2022, ikhiqize amathani ayizigidi ezingama-348 ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-31 (amathani ayi-11/ha), isuka kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-119 ngo-1974 (amathani angu-4.51/ha).
2. I-China : Ikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingama-260-280 ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-42 (amathani ayisi-6/ha). Ukukhula kuqhutshwa yizimbewu ezithuthukisiwe, ubuchwepheshe, ukunisela, nokwandiswa kwendawo yokulima. Ummbila oguqulwe ngofuzo (GM) wagunyazwa kuphela ngo-2023.
3. I-Afrika : Ikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingama-92 ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-42.1.
4. INingizimu Afrika: Inegalelo elikhulu ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-17 ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-2.9 (amathani ayi-6/ha), okungamaphesenti angama-18 omkhiqizo wase-Afrika usuwonke. Irekhodi lesivuno lalingonyaka wezi-2017 lapho cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-17.5 ommbila akhiqizwa kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-2.9, nesivuno esimaphakathi esingamathani angama-5.8/ha.
5. ENigeria : INigeria ikhiqiza amathani angaba yizigidi ezingu-12.5 ukusuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-5.8 (amathani angu-2.2/ha), okumelela u-13% wawo wonke umkhiqizo wase-Afrika. Ummbila weGM wagunyazwa ngoNdasa wezi-2024, okwenza iNigeria ibe izwe lesibili lase-Afrika ngemuva kweNingizimu Afrika ukudayisa ummbila weGM.
6. I-Egypt : I-Egypt ikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.5 kusukela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-0.9 futhi inesivuno esiphezulu sesivuno ehektheleni ngalinye e-Afrika (amathani angu-8 ngehektha). Ikleliswe endaweni yesine emhlabeni jikelele ngemuva kwe-USA, Canada, kanye ne-Italy ngokwesivuno ngehektha ngalinye.

Isivuno sommbila wase-Afrika siphansi kakhulu yize sinendawo yomhlaba efana neChina. Ukusebenza kahle, hhayi nje ukwandisa indawo yokukhiqiza, kubonakala kuyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo. Uma kubhekwa intengo yemakethe ka-$200/ton, uma i-Afrika ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kommbila ukuze ufane namathani ayi-8/ha wase-Egypt, inani lezomnotho eliphelele lingafinyelela cishe kumabhiliyoni angama-66.9, lisuka ku-USD 18.4 wezigidigidi. Lokhu kwenyuka kuzomela enye imali eyizigidigidi ezingama-$48.5 emnothweni wase-Afrika.

Umongo Womlando: Ukubhekisisa Ukukhiqizwa Kombila eNingizimu Afrika Uma Kuqhathaniswa Ne-Afrika Yonkana

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kuya ko-1970, ukukhula kwesivuno sommbila kwaqhutshwa kakhulu ukwanda kwezindawo zokukhiqiza. Indawo yokukhiqiza iqale ukwehla isuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-5.2 ngo-1975/76 (isamba sesivuno sonyaka sokusanhlamvu esingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.8) yaya kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-2.6 ngo-2022/23 (isamba sesivuno sokusanhlamvu samathani ayizigidi eziyi-17). Isivuno sokusanhlamvu ngehektha sikhuphuke sisuka kumathani ayi-1.5 ehektheleni ngo-1975/76 saya ku-5.8 amathani/ha ngo-2022/23. Ngo-2000/2001, amahektha ayizigidi ezi-3.2 atshalwa, akhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyisi-7.5. Ngonyaka wezi-2001/2002, kwabonakala ukwanda okukhulu kwesivuno ngehektha ngalinye, ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 akhiqizwa kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-3.5, okwenza isivuno esimaphakathi sibe ngamathani angu-2.8/ha. Isivuno sommbila senyuke sisuka esilinganisweni samathani ama-2/ha ngo-2000 safinyelela cishe ku-6.6 ton/ha ngo-2023. Ngalesi sikhathi, isamba samahektha angaphansi kokukhiqizwa kommbila sehla sisuka kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-3.9 saya kumahektha ayizigidi ezi-2.9. Ngenxa yalokho, isamba somkhiqizo wokusanhlamvu senyuke sisuka kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-10.5 ngo-1999/2000 saya ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-17 ngesizini ka-2022/2023, okusho ukukhula okucishe kube ngama-67% eminyakeni engama-23.

Ukwanda kwesivuno sommbila eNingizimu Afrika kudalwe ikakhulukazi ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe bembewu, ezolimo eziqondile, izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokunisela, izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zezolimo, ukuphathwa kwempilo yenhlabathi, ukusetshenzwa kwemishini, imishini yesimanje, ezolimo ezihlakaniphile, izinsiza zokwandisa kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabalimi.

Ukuqonda iqhaza elihlobene lesici sokuthuthukisa isivuno esihlukene kubalulekile njengoba kunomthelela ezinqumweni zabalimi zokuthi bangakhuphula kanjani umkhiqizo. Iphinde isize uhulumeni ekwenzeni izinqubomgomo ezidingekayo kanye nokungenelela ukuze kusekelwe abalimi abasafufusa. Ukwengeza, izinhlangano zentuthuko zingasebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze zenze izinhlelo zokweseka ezinomthelela emkhakheni wezolimo namaketango amagugu ezolimo.

Isiphetho

I-Afrika isesikhathini esibalulekile ohambweni lwayo lwezolimo. Amandla okwandisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wommbila angakwazi ukufinyeleleka, kodwa kudinga umzamo ohlangene wabalimi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nezinhlangano zentuthuko ngokufanayo. Ngokwamukela ubuchwepheshe bembewu obuthuthukisiwe, ukwenza ngcono izindlela zezolimo, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokulima zesimanje, i-Afrika ingaguqula isimo sayo sezolimo, iqhubekisele phambili ukuvikeleka kokudla kanye nokukhula komnotho. Impumelelo ebonwa emazweni afana ne-USA, China, kanye neNingizimu Afrika inikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngamandla okusebenza kahle kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekukhuliseni isivuno. Ukuze kufezeke ngokugcwele lokhu okungenzeka, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasu, izinqubomgomo ezisekelayo, kanye nemfundo eqhubekayo yabalimi kubalulekile. Uma lezi zakhi zihlangana ndawonye, ​​i-Afrika ngeke ikwazi nje kuphela ukubhekana nenselelo yokondla abantu bayo abakhulayo kodwa futhi izibeke njengomholi womhlaba wonke ekukhiqizeni ummbila okuqhubekayo.