Ukuphathwa Kwezakhamzimba Kubhontshisi Wesoya: Ukugxila Ekuhlanganiseni Kwama-Nodulation kanye Ne-Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Ukulima kukabhontshisi kabhontshisi kunikeza amandla amakhulu okukhulisa inzuzo yabalimi kanye nokufaka isandla kwezolimo ezisimeme eNingizimu Afrika. Ngesizini yokutshala ka-2023/24, izwe likhiqize cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.8 kabhontshisi wesoya, kanti u-71% walo mkhiqizo uqhamuka esifundazweni saseFree State naseMpumalanga. Njengoba kusondela isivuno sokuqala ngoNdasa wezi-2025, amanani kabhontshisi wesoya kulindeleke ukuthi afinyelele cishe ku-R8,500 ithani ngalinye, okuveza ithuba elihle kubalimi. Njengoba inani lezitshalo lisukela ku-250,000 kuya ku-400,000 wezitshalo ehektheleni, isivuno esingamathani ama-2-5 ehektheleni siyatholakala uma izindlela ezingcono zokuphatha zisetshenziswa.

Umshayeli omkhulu wesivuno sikabhontshisi wesoya ukuphatha ngempumelelo inzalo. Kodwa-ke, abalimi abaningi bayahluleka ngenxa yemibono eyiphutha esabalele mayelana nezidingo zomsoco zesilimo. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ubhontshisi wesoya “ungakwazi ukwenza” zonke imisoco edingekayo ngaphandle kokufaka umanyolo wangaphandle, kanti abanye baphatha kabi ukufakwa kukamanyolo, noma ukusebenzisa kancane noma ukusebenzisa ngokweqile. Lezi zinqubo azigcini nje ngokukhawulela amandla esivuno kodwa futhi zilimaza impilo yomhlabathi kanye nenzuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuze uvule amandla aphelele kabhontshisi wesoya, abalimi kufanele basebenzise indlela esekelwe kwisayensi yokuphatha inzalo. Lokhu kuqala ngokuhlolwa okuphelele kwenhlabathi ukuze kutholwe imingcele ebalulekile yokuvunda njenge-pH, okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter, kanye nokuba khona kwemisoco esemqoka njenge-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye izakhamzimba ezibalulekile njenge-Molybdenum (Mo) ne-Calcium (Ca). I-pH yomhlabathi, ikakhulukazi, idlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba izimo ezine-asidi zingakhinyabeza ukukhula kwezimpande kanye nokulungiswa kwenitrogen, phakathi kokunye. Ukwengeza, umlando wokutshala ensimini kanye nokuba khona kwebhaktheriya ye-Rhizobium kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphumelela kwamaqhuqhuva kanye nokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen yebhayoloji (BNF).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo zokuphatha izakhi ezisebenzayo kubhontshisi wesoya zidlulela ngale kokusebenza kwesitshalo ngasinye. Ubhontshisi wesoya udlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokushintshwa kwezitshalo ngokwenza ngcono ukuvunda kwenhlabathi ezitshalweni ezilandelayo ngokufaka i-nitrogen eyinsalela. Lokhu kwenza ubhontshisi wesoya ube yisu lokukhetha ezinhlelweni zokulima ezisimeme, ikakhulukazi uma zihlanganiswe nenhlabathi efanele kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha izakhi.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezibalulekile zokuphatha izakhamzimba zikabhontshisi wesoya, sidweba ukuqhathanisa nommbila ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zomsoco. Igcizelela indima ebalulekile yebhaktheriya ye-Rhizobium ekulungiseni i-nitrogen futhi ichaza izinqubo ezingenzeka, ezifana nokulungiswa kwe-pH yenhlabathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezijovo zekhwalithi ephezulu ukusiza abalimi bakhulise isivuno kanye nenzuzo. Ubhontshisi wesoya unesidingo esikhulu se-nitrogen futhi indlela eshibhile nesebenza kahle kakhulu ukuthuthukisa amaqhuqhuva ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-BNF.

Izidingo Zokudla: Ubhontshisi wesoya vs

Abalimi abaningi bakhiqiza ummbila futhi basebenzisa ubhontshisi wesoya njengesilimo esishintshayo. Abanye abalimi bangabakhiqizi besoya abathembekile. Uhlelo lokuphatha izakhi zommbila nobhontshisi wesoya luyehluka futhi ulwazi lwalo mehluko lungasiza umlimi ukuba akhulise isivuno futhi ehlise nezindleko zokufaka. Ubhontshisi wesoya nommbila kwehluka kakhulu ekuthathweni kwakho komsoco kanye nezidingo ngethani ngalinye lokusanhlamvu elikhiqizwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Ummbila udinga u-4 kg we-phosphorus (P), 18-20 kg we-nitrogen (N), kanye no-5 kg ​​we-potassium (K) ngethani lokusanhlamvu elikhiqizwayo.
• Ubhontshisi wesoya , ekubeni i-legume, lungisa i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ngosizo lwamagciwane e-Rhizobium. Ngethani lokusanhlamvu kukabhontshisi wesoya:
• I-Phosphorus: ~ 3.5 kg
• I-nitrogen: Incane (ngenxa yokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen yebhayoloji)
• I-Potassium: ~ 15 kg

Ngaphandle kokufakwa kwamaqhuqhuva ngempumelelo, nokho, ubhontshisi wesoya uzodinga cishe u-80 kg we-nitrogen ukuze kufakwe ithani ngalinye lokusanhlamvu okukhiqizwayo, okugcizelela indima ebalulekile yamaqhuqhuva ekunciphiseni izindleko zokufakwayo. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi njengesitshalo esinamaprotheni amaningi, ubhontshisi wesoya unesidingo esikhulu se-N njengoba i-N iyisakhi esibalulekile samaprotheni.

Qaphela: Isilinganiso somsoco esidingekayo esishiwo lapha siyithani ngalinye lokusanhlamvu. Kukhona imisoco eyengeziwe edingwa isitofu.

Iqhaza Le-Rhizobium Bacteria

Ibhaktheriya ye-Rhizobium ibalulekile ekwakheni amaqhuqhuva aqhuba ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen yebhayoloji kubhontshisi wesoya. Ukwenziwa kwamaqhuqhuva kubhontshisi wesoya kuwumphumela wobudlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi kwezitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya kanye nebhaktheriya ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Lawa magciwane akha amaqhuqhuva ezimpandeni zikabhontshisi wesoya, aguqule i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe uhlobo olungasetshenziswa isitshalo. Ukufakwa kwamaqhuqhuva kufanele kuqale ku-V2 futhi yilapho ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kuqala futhi kulungisa inani eliphezulu le-nitrogen cishe ku-R2 (isigaba sokuqhakaza esigcwele) bese kuqala ukuncipha. Nazi ezinye izinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-BNF nokucatshangelwa:

• Izindleko Ezincishisiwe Zomanyolo: Ngokuhlanganisa amaqhuqhuva ngokuphumelelayo, ubhontshisi wesoya ungahlangabezana nezidingo zawo ze-nitrogen ezifika ku-70 ngokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen yebhayoloji.
• Impilo Yenhlabathi: I-nitrogen eyinsalela evela ezitshalweni zikabhontshisi wesoya ithuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi ezitshalweni ezilandelayo.
• Izinzuzo Zendawo Ezungezile: Ukwencika kokuthembela kumanyolo we-nitrogen yokwenziwa kwehlisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa futhi kunciphisa ukugeleza kwe-nitrogen ezinhlelweni zamanzi.

Izinto Ezithinta Umsebenzi we-Rhizobium

1. Impilo yomhlabathi

• I-pH yomhlabathi: I-pH yenhlabathi efanelekile yomsebenzi we-Rhizobium iphakathi kuka-6.0 no-7.0. Emhlabathini one-acidic (pH <5.5), amagciwane e-Rhizobium alwela ukuphila, okuholela ekubambeni kwamaqhuqhuva.
• I-Soil Organic Matter: Ihlinzeka ngomthombo wokudla wezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezihlanganisa i-Rhizobia. Futhi ithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi namandla okubamba amanzi futhi isebenza njengesivikelo sokuguquguquka kwe-pH.
• Ukuba khona komsoco: Ukutholakala kwePhosphorus (P) kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande namaqhuqhuva. Amazinga anele e-P abalulekile ekuhlanganiseni amaqhuqhuva okusebenzayo kanye ne-BNF. I-Molybdenum (Mo) cishe ingesinye sezakhamzimba ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kukabhontshisi wesoya njengoba iyisakhi esibalulekile se-enzyme ye-nitrogenase, ebhekele ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen. Ukweqa N kusukela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezedlule nakho kungabangela ukuguquguquka okungalungile.

Izinketho zokunciphisa: Yenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ukuze uthole i-pH kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi. Umlimi kufanele afake umcako ukulungisa umhlabathi i-pH okungenani izinyanga ezi-3 ngaphambi kokutshala. Uma amazinga e-P ephansi, sebenzisa i-superphosphate eyodwa noma kabili ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukushoda kwe-Mo ngokusebenzisa umanyolo njenge-Sodium Molybdate

2. Ukukhethwa Kohlobo Lwe-Rhizobium

• Sebenzisa imijovo enezinhlobo ezijwayele ubhontshisi wesoya.
• Izibonelo zemikhiqizo yezentengiso zifaka i-Nodulaid, i-Biofix, ne-HiStick Soy.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izijovo zigcinwa ngendlela efanele (izimo ezipholile, ezimnyama) futhi zisetshenziswa ngokwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.

3. Umphumela Wemithi Yokubulala Ukhula

• Izinsalela Zomuthi Ezitshalweni Zangaphambili: Izibulala-khula eziyinsalela ezisetshenziswa emmbila noma kwezinye izitshalo ezandulele zingaba nomthelela omubi kumagciwane e-Rhizobium kanye namaqhuqhuva alandelayo kubhontshisi wesoya. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi imithi yokubulala ukhula njenge -Atrazine ne-Imazethapyr kwaziwa ukuthi inomsebenzi omude wokusalela inhlabathi. Isibonelo, i-Atrazine idinga isikhawu sokuhoxa esiyizinyanga eziyi-10-18 kuye nge-pH yenhlabathi kanye nemvula futhi i-Imazethapyr idinga isikhawu sokuhoxa esingafika ezinyangeni eziyi-18 kwezinye izimo. Yomibili imithi yokubulala ukhula ingaqhubeka isikhathi eside enhlabathini ene-asidi, okwandisa ubungozi bomthelela wezinsalela.
• Umthelela we-Glyphosate: I-Glyphosate manje isiwumuthi osetshenziswa kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika ezinhlobonhlobo ezimelana ne-glyphosate (GRV). Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuningi ezinhlotsheni zesoya ezimelana ne-glyphosate kungavimbela ngokuphawulekayo amaqhuqhuva kanye ne-BNF. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olwenziwa ngu-Corral AR et al., (2022) lubonise ukwehla okungama-41% kwesivuno sikabhontshisi wesoya ezinhlotsheni ezalashwa ngezicelo eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nobhontshisi wesoya owawungaphathwanga nge-glyphosate. Ababhali baphethe ngokuthi ukwanda "kwenombolo yezicelo ze-glyphosate zokulawula ukhula kungaba yingozi njengokuphazanyiswa kokhula". Lokhu kusekelwa ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngu-Ebah EE et al. (2024) okukhombisa ukuthi umphumela we-glyphosate kumaqhuqhuva ezimpande uncike kumthamo. Lo monakalo ungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

• Umthelela oqondile: I-Glyphosate ingase yehlise inani nesisindo samaqhuqhuva akhiwe isitshalo ngasinye.
• Ngokungaqondile: I-Glyphosate ingase ilimaze isitshalo, ibe nomthelela ku-plant-rhizobia symbiosis. Ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo okubangelwa i-glyphosate kunganciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, kuthinte ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamanodule

4. Ukucindezeleka Kwemvelo :

• Ingcindezi Yesomiso: Ukuntuleka kwamanzi kungaphazamisa ukwakheka kwamaqhuqhuva kanye nokulungiswa kwenitrogen. Amaqhuqhuva adinga umswakama owanele wenhlabathi ukuze ahlale esebenza futhi esebenza.

• Ukuminyana Komhlabathi: Inhlabathi ehlangene inciphisa ukukhula kwezimpande, inciphise indawo engaphezulu yempande etholakalayo ukuze iqhume.
• I-Waterlogging: Amanzi amaningi angaholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo emhlabathini, okubangela ukufa kwamaqhuqhuva noma ukungasebenzi njengoba ukulungiswa kwenitrogen kuyinqubo ye-aerobic.

Ukuhlola I-Root Nodulation

Abalimi kufanele bahlole amaqhuqhuva emasontweni angu-2-3 ngemva kokuvela. Nansi indlela:

1. Izinyathelo Zokuhlola

• Siphula ngokucophelela izitshalo ngaphandle kokulimaza izimpande.
• Bheka izigaxana ezibomvana ezimpandeni (uphawu lokulungisa initrogen esebenzayo).
• Isitshalo sikabhontshisi wesoya esinempilo kufanele sibe namaqhuqhuva angu-10-20 ohlelweni lwempande ngayinye ngalesi sigaba.

2. Ukusebenza Kwe-Nodulation

• Amaqhuqhuva angase akheke, kodwa ukulungiswa kwe-nitrogen kusengaphazamiseka ngenxa yempilo engeyinhle yamaqhuqhuva noma ukucindezeleka kwendawo.
• Ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle, abalimi bangavula amaqhuqhuva. Amaqhuqhuva asebenzayo azovela ebomvana noma ebomvu ngaphakathi, okubonisa ukulungiswa okusebenzayo kwe-nitrogen. Amaqhuqhuva amhlophe, aluhlaza, noma ansundu aphakamisa ukungasebenzi noma ukungasebenzi

Izinketho Zokunciphisa

• Faka kabusha izitshalo ngemikhiqizo ye-Rhizobium. Lokhu kungenziwa ngemva kokuhluma ngokufaka i-slurry ye-inoculant exutshwe namanzi ngqo emhlabathini oseduze nezimpande. Lokhu kudinga ukwenziwa 2-3 ukhula emva kokumila.
• Sebenzisa izinamathiselo ezihambisanayo ezifana nezixazululo zikashukela , ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi i-inoculant inamathela embewu uma isetshenziswa ngaphambi kokutshala.
• Faka inani elincane le-nitrogen (20-30 kg/ha) ukuze uqhubekisele phambili ukukhula uma amaqhuqhuva ehluleka. Le nayitrojeni kufanele isetshenziswe esigabeni se-V2 ukuya ku-R1 (kusukela emavikini angu-2-3 ngemva kokumila) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izitshalo zine-nitrogen eyanele ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo. Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ngaphezu kwesicelo ku-N kungase kucindezele i-nodulation kanye ne-BNF.
• Ukufakwa kwe-foliar kunganikeza ukukhushulwa kwe-nitrogen okusheshayo kodwa akuyona indawo ye-nitrogen efakwe enhlabathini noma ukulungiswa kwebhayoloji.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphatha Izakhamzimba Zesoya

1. Ukuhlola Umhlabathi : Yenza izivivinyo zomhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze uthole i-pH kanye namazinga omsoco. Faka i-phosphorus ne-potassium ngokusekelwe ezincomo zokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi.
2. Ukujova Ekutshaleni : Hlala njalo ujova imbewu kabhontshisi wesoya nge-Rhizobium strain efanele. Sebenzisa izinto ezinamathelayo ezihambisanayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthintana okuhle kwembewu ye-inoculant.
3. Ukuqapha Insimu : Bheka izinkambu njalo ukuze uthole izimpawu zokushoda kwezakhi noma izinkinga zamaqhuqhuva. Bhekana nezinselele ngokushesha ukuze uvimbele ukulahleka kwesivuno.
4. Izinzuzo Zokuzungezisa : Zungezisa ubhontshisi wesoya nezitshalo ezingezona imidumba njengommbila ukuze uthuthukise impilo yomhlabathi futhi unqamule imijikelezo yezinambuzane.
5. Ukujova kabusha ngemva kokuvela : Uma amaqhuqhuva anganele, ukujova kabusha kungasetshenziswa njengodaka emhlabathini. Sebenzisa izinto ezinamathelayo ezihambisanayo ukuze uthuthukise ukunamathela ezimpandeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuphatha izakhamzimba ngempumelelo kubhontshisi kasoya kungaphezu kwesu—kuyisisekelo sokukhiqiza okunenzuzo nokusimeme. Ngokuqonda izidingo eziyingqayizivele zezakhamzimba zikabhontshisi wesoya, ikakhulukazi indima ebalulekile yebhaktheriya ye-Rhizobium ekulungiseni i-nitrogen yebhayoloji, abalimi banganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokufakwayo futhi bathuthukise isivuno. Imikhuba efana nokuhlola inhlabathi, ukulungisa i-pH yenhlabathi, ukukhetha imijovo yekhwalithi ephezulu, nokubhekana nezidingo ze-micronutrient njenge-molybdenum ne-calcium ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni amaqhuqhuva nempilo yezitshalo.

Ikhono likabhontshisi wesoya lokunothisa inhlabathi nge-nitrogen eyinsalela liphinde ligqamise ukubaluleka kwazo ezinhlelweni zokushintshanisa izitshalo, okuzuzisa kokubili izitshalo zamanje kanye nomjikelezo wokutshala wesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, ukuphumelela ekulimeni kukabhontshisi wesoya kudinga ukuhlela okuphumelelayo nokunakwa okuseduze. Ukuqapha njalo amaqhuqhuva, ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa kwemvelo, kanye nokubambelela emikhubeni ehamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kokhula kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokwandisa umkhiqizo.

Njengoba amanani kabhontshisi kulindeleke ukuthi ahlale eqinile, abalimi baseNingizimu Afrika banethuba eliyingqayizivele lokusebenzisa lesi sitshalo esidingeka kakhulu. Ngokutshala imali ezindleleni zokuphatha izakhi ezisekelwe ngokwesayensi namuhla, abalimi bangakwazi ukuvikela isivuno esiqinile, bathuthukise impilo yomhlabathi, futhi babambe iqhaza ekusimameni kokulima. Ukulima kukabhontshisi wesoya akukhona nje ukukhulisa isivuno—kumayelana nekusasa lenzuzo eqhubekayo.