Lungela Inkathi Yokutshala Umbila: Izinyathelo Eziyi-11 Zomhlahlandlela

Isizini ka-2023/24 ibingengcono kubalimi eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yesimo se-El Nino esanciphisa kakhulu isivuno sabalimi. Isamba sokusanhlamvu kommbila othengiswayo esikhiqizwe ngesizini ka-2023/24 singamathani angu-13.4 sehle sisuka kumathani angu-16.4 ngo-2022/23. Njengoba sisondela enkathini yokukhiqiza izitshalo zasehlobo, abalimi baseNingizimu Afrika kufanele baqale amalungiselelo okutshala ummbila, becabangela izibikezelo zakamuva zokuna kwemvula nezimo zendawo. Ukukhiqizwa kommbila kudlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wezolimo wezwe kanye nomnotho wonkana, ngakho ukuhlela ngokucophelela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivuno esiyimpumelelo. Kubikezelwa ukuthi inkathi yasehlobo ka-2024/25 ingase ibe unyaka omuhle ngokwemibandela yemvula.

Ngezansi kunezinyathelo ezingu-11 ezibalulekile zokulungiselela inkathi ezayo yokutshala ummbila.

1. Ukubuyekezwa Kwesizini Esedlule Yokutshala Ka-2023/24

• Hlola Isivuno Nokusebenza: Qala ngokuhlola isivuno sesizini edlule nokusebenza kukonke. Ukuqonda okusebenzile nalokho okungasebenzanga kuzosiza ekucwengisiseni amasu esizini ezayo.
• Ukubuyekezwa Kwezimali: Cabangela imiphumela yezezimali yesizini edlule, okuhlanganisa izindleko zokufakwayo kanye nembuyiselo yemali engenayo, ukuhlela ukuphathwa kwezimali okungcono ngesizini ezayo. Ukuhlelwa kwezimali ngokucophelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi abalimi bakhetha amabhizinisi okulima anenzuzo kakhulu, batshale izimali ezifanele, futhi baqondise izimakethe ezingcono kakhulu zokusanhlamvu.

• Ukuhlola Umhlabathi: Yenza izivivinyo zenhlabathi ukuze uthole amazinga ezakhi, i-pH, nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlola umhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi abalimi kufanele belulekwe ukuthi bangatshali uma bengayazi impilo yenhlabathi yabo. Ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kungafaniswa nalokho odokotela abakwenzayo, bathatha amasampula egazi futhi bahlole izimo zakho zempilo zamanje ngaphambi kokusho noma yimiphi imithi. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ibonisa impilo yenhlabathi futhi ulwazi olunjalo lusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi ungakanani umanyolo odingekayo ukuze ufinyelele isivuno esihlosiwe. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi, abalimi bafaka umanyolo ngobumpumputhe futhi ngezinye izikhathi bafaka ngokweqile okuholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokufakwayo noma ukusebenzisa kancane okuholela ekuvuneni okuphansi.
• Ukulungiswa Komhlaba: Qala ngokususa noma iyiphi imfucumfucu nezinsalela ensimini. Lima futhi usebenzise i-harrow ukwakha umbhede omuhle wembewu, okuzokwenza kube lula ukuxhumana kahle kwembewu nomhlabathi. Umbhede olungiswe kahle ubalulekile ekukhuleni, ukuhluma, kanye nokusimama okuhle.
• Izichibiyelo Zomhlabathi: Uma i-pH iphansi, ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwenhlabathi, faka umcako ukulungisa inhlabathi pH ibe ngu-6.0-7.5 futhi ucabange ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka komhlabathi, futhi uthuthukise nokugcina umswakama ngesikhathi somile. Ubumuncu bomhlabathi buvimbela ukukhula kwezimpande, kunciphisa ukumuncwa kwemisoco, futhi buvimbele ukukhula kommbila kanye nesivuno. Ucwaningo lubonise ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ngokuphindwe ka-4.8 (NUE) ku-pH engu-5.0 kune-pH 4.0 enhlabathini enesihlabathi, kanye nokwenyuka kwe-NUE ngo-24.4% ku-pH 6.0 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-pH ka-4.0 (Pan et al., 2020). Ngokusho kwe- I-athikili ka-Kobus van Zyl wase-Omnia, izitshalo zingakwazi kuphela ukufinyelela ngaphansi kuka-30% wemisoco ku-pH <4.0, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa okungenamsoco kwezakhamzimba yisitshalo ezimeni ezine-asidi.

• Khetha Izinhlobonhlobo ezifanele: Kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlobo lommbila olufanele. Khetha izinhlobo ezinethuba lokukhiqiza kanye nesikhathi sokuvuthwa esihambisana nokusabalalisa kwemvula okulindelekile endaweni yangakini. Nquma ngommbila oguqulwe ngofuzo (GM) noma ummbila ongewona owe-GM kuye ngemikhuba yakho yokuphatha kanye nezidingo zemakethe. Isilinganiso sesivuno sommbila ophuzi eNyakatho Kapa sasingamathani angu-15.8/ha ngesizini yokukhiqiza ka-2023/24 (ngokuhambisana nesivuno sika-2022/23/ha) esiqhutshwa ukuchelela. ENyakatho Ntshonalanga, isivuno sehle sisuka ku-6 saya ku-4 amathani/ha mhlawumbe ngenxa yesomiso. Qondanisa isivuno sakho esihlosiwe nezinhlobonhlobo ezifanele ezivumelaniswe namandla esifunda sakho.
• Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi: Qinisekisa ukuthi imbewu iqinisekisiwe futhi itholwa kubahlinzeki abahlonishwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe amazinga amahle okuhluma kanye nempilo yezitshalo.

• Ukuvundisa Ngokwezifiso: Yenza uhlelo lokuvundisa oluhambisana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi. Kusukela esigabeni sokuhlela, abalimi kufanele babheke izakhi zomsoco ezidingekayo ukuze bathole umgomo othile wesivuno kunokuba nje inani lamasaka ehektheleni ngalinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuningi bezakhi zomsoco (nge-kg ye-N, P, K, nama-microelements) esikhwameni sikamanyolo siyahlukahluka. Qinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okulinganayo kwe-NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) kanye nama-micronutrients adingekayo. Njengoba imvula ingahle ibe nokuguquguquka njalo ngonyaka, ukuvundisa okunembayo kuzoba ukhiye wokwandisa ukumuncwa kwezakhi kanye nesivuno sokusanhlamvu.
• Isikhathi sokufaka isicelo: Hlela isikhathi sokufakwa kukamanyolo ngokucophelela. Cabangela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa izakhi ngenxa yokuvuza noma ukuguquguquka. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi i-nitrogen (N) iyadingeka ukuze uqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno sokusanhlamvu ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa okufike ngesikhathi nokulungile kungase kuveze imiphumela engcono.

• Ukuqapha Kwangaphambi kwesikhathi: Qala ukuqapha kusenesikhathi izinambuzane nezifo, okungase kubhebhethekiswe izimo zezulu ezingalindelekile. Ukuhlola njalo kubalulekile ekubambeni izinkinga zezinambuzane nezifo kusenesikhathi. Ukuba khona kwezinambuzane ensimini akusona isiqalo esizenzakalelayo sokufaka isibulala-zinambuzane. Sebenzisa kuphela izibulala-zinambuzane lapho umkhawulo wezomnotho (ET) usufinyelelwe. Umkhawulo wezomnotho izinga lapho inani lezinambuzane ezingase libangele umonakalo olingana nenani lezindleko zokulawula (izibulala-zinambuzane nezindleko zokufaka isicelo) ukulimala kwezinambuzane. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-breakeven point. Uma ukulawulwa kwezilokazane kungenziwanga endaweni yokuphumula, ukulimala kwezinambuzane kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwesivuno. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukala umkhawulo wezomnotho njengenani lezitshalo ezilimele ngemitha ngayinye, inani lezinambuzane esitshalweni ngasinye, inani lamaqabunga angenwe yileli gciwane, njll. Izinga lomkhawulo lingahluka kuye ngezitshalo, isigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, impendulo yezitshalo emonakalweni, inani lomnotho wezitshalo, uhlobo lwezinambuzane, njll. Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili ngokubaluleka kokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi, ukuqapha izinambuzane ukuze kutholwe ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezisetshenziswayo zezomnotho. Lokhu futhi kuvikela imvelo ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okunenzuzo kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
• I-Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Ukwamukela indlela edidiyelwe yokulawulwa kwezinambuzane (IPM) ehlanganisa ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezimelana nezifo, kanye nokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuqhubekayo kubalulekile. Ukuphathwa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo njengokunqampuna kwezicupho, ukutshala ngokuhlanganyela, iziphephelo zezitha zemvelo “njengamabhange amabhungane”, nezinsiza zezimbali zama-parasitoid nezilwane ezizidlayo nakho kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-IPM.

• Ukuphathwa kwamanzi: Uma ucabangela ukubikezela kwemvula okuxubile, hlola ukutholakala kwamanzi kanye nezidingo zokunisela. Uma unezinhlelo zokunisela, qinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza ngokugcwele futhi zikulungele ukukhokhela noma yiziphi izikhathi zemvula encane.
• Ukusebenzisa Ngokuyikho: Hlela izindlela zokunisela ngendlela efanele, njengama-drip noma ama-sprinkler, ukuze usebenzise kahle imithombo yamanzi etholakalayo. Emkhiqizweni wommbila ama-pivot nama-sprinkler systems ajwayelekile. Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe benzwa obukude ukuze unqume isidingo samanzi esitshala futhi unisele lapho kudingekile

• Hlela Umsebenzi: Hlela izidingo zabasebenzi kusenesikhathi. Qinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi baqeqeshelwa izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokutshala izitshalo.
• Ukunakekela Imishini: Seva futhi ulungise yonke imishini yokulima ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphuka ngesikhathi sokutshala esibucayi nezikhathi zokukhula.

• Isikhathi sibalulekile: Qondanisa uhlelo lwakho lokutshala nezibikezelo zakamuva zokuna kwemvula. Kubalulekile ukutshala lapho kunomswakama owanele emhlabathini ukuqinisekisa ukuhluma okuhle kwembewu nokukhula kusenesikhathi. Hlela izinsuku zokutshala ngokuya ngokuvuthwa kohlobo olukhethiwe. Qonda izinsuku zokuvuthwa kanye nokuqashwa kwezitshalo kwemishini yokuvuna. Futhi, isikhathi sokutshala sivusa yonke imisebenzi yokuphatha phakathi nesizini. Isibonelo, ummbila otshalwe mhla lu-1 kuMfumfu ungaqhakaza izinsuku ezingama-65 kusukela osukwini lokutshala. Abalimi kudingeka baqinisekise ukuthi kunomswakama owanele emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza njengoba kuyinkathi ebucayi kakhulu ekucindezelekeni komswakama.
• Ukuminyana Okukahle: Landela ukuminyana okunconyiwe kokutshala ukuze ugweme ukuminyana kwezitshalo, okungaholela ekuvunweni okubi ngenxa yokuncintisana okukhulu kwezitshalo nezitshalo, ikakhulukazi uma imvula iphansi kunalokho obekulindelwe. Ukuminyana kwezitshalo nakho kuncike ekukhetheni isimila. Ngommbila, izinhlobo ezisheshe zivuthwe zingatshalwa ezindaweni eziminyana kakhulu. Abanye abalimi batshala izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-80,000 ngehektare ngayinye. Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa okumaphakathi zivame ukwenza kahle ngaphansi kwezitshalo eziphansi ukuya kweziphezulu.

• Ukuhlelwa Kwesabelomali Ngezimo Eziphuthumayo: Lungiselela isabelomali esinemininingwane esiphathelene nezimo ezingase zibe khona, njengesidingo sokunisela okungeziwe noma izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokulawula izinambuzane ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu okulindelekile. Uhlahlomali lwakho kufanele futhi lubandakanye izimo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokuguquguquka kwentengo yemakethe, ukwehla kwesivuno esihlosiwe ngenxa yesomiso, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwentengo yokufaka. Kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlaziya kokuzwela ukuze kutholakale imithombo eyinhloko yokuhlukahluka nokungaqiniseki nokuthi imiphumela ingase ihluke kanjani. Lokhu kusiza umlimi ukuthi enze izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu zokutshala imali.
• Ukuvikela Uxhaso Lwezimali: Qiniseka ukuthi uyitholile imali edingekayo noma isikweletu ukuze uhlanganise zonke izindleko zokufaka kanye nanoma yiziphi izindleko ezingalindelekile ezingase zivele. Izikhungo zamabhange ezehlukene zibolekisa ngemali yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezinye izikhungo ezifana neLandbank zinikela ngezinhlelo zezimali ezixubile . Abanye abahlinzeki bokufaka banikela ngezinsiza zezikweletu emabhizinisini afanelekayo.

• Sebenzisa Izinsiza: Xoxisana nezikhulu zezolimo zendawo kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuze uthole izeluleko zakamuva mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu zamanje. Izinkampani ezizimele nabahlinzeki bezimpahla zokufaka nabo banamathimba angaphakathi asekela ubuchwepheshe abalimi abangathintana nabo ukuze bathole ulwazi lwakamuva mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza.
• Amanethiwekhi Abalimi: Bamba iqhaza kumanethiwekhi abalimi endawo ukuze wabelane ngemininingwane namasu, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa izibikezelo zokuna kwemvula kwesizini ezayo. Ngena olwazini lwabalimi abangomakhelwane futhi.

• Izibuyekezo zesimo sezulu: Hlala ubhekisisa izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezibuyekeziwe isizini yonke. Ukwazi izinguquko ekubikezelweni kwemvula kungakusiza ukuthi uvumelanise izinqubo zakho zokuphatha izitshalo ngesikhathi sangempela.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo: Zilungiselele ukulungisa izinhlelo zakho njengoba kudingeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungisa isimiso sakho sokunisela, ukushintsha izinsuku zokutshala, ukulungisa ukufakwa kukamanyolo, noma ukushintsha amasu okulawula izinambuzane, ukuguquguquka kuyoba kubalulekile ekushintsheni izimo.

Isiphetho

Ngesizini ezayo yokutshala ummbila, ukulungiselela kubalulekile! Ngokuhlela kahle isabelomali sakho sokukhiqiza izitshalo ngesikhathi, ukuxhumana nokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi, ukuthenga okokufaka ngesikhathi, kanye nokucabangela izibikezelo zakamuva zokuna kwemvula, abalimi bangathuthukisa amathuba abo esizini ephumelelayo nenenzuzo. Ekulimeni isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu. Manje uma zonke izinhlelo sezimi ngomumo, usulungele ukutshala futhi uqiniseke ukuthi urekhoda yonke imisebenzi yakho yokuphatha izitshalo yangaphakathi nesizini ukuze okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kule sizini kube isisekelo solwazi sesizini elandelayo.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe

Pan, X., Baquy, MA., Guan, P. et al. ( 2020). Umthelela wokwenziwa kwe-asidi yomhlabathi ekukhuleni nasekusetshenzisweni kwenitrogen kommbila kuma-Ultisol. J Soils Sediments 20 , 1435–1445 (2020)

Tiwari, S. (2019). Ukuphathwa Kwendawo yokuhlala Yokulawulwa Kwezinambuzane: Imikhawulo namathemba. Ama-Anals we-Entomological Society of America