Umhlahlandlela Obalulekile Wokukhiqiza Ubhekilanga eNingizimu Afrika

Obhekilanga, abayingxenye yohlobo lwe -Helianthus (elithi 'helios' elisho ilanga kanye nethi ' anthos ' elisho imbali), bayizitshalo ezishintshashintshayo ezingakhula ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 wamamitha ubude, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo. Obhekilanga abaningi abatholakalayo abanowoyela omningi banamafutha ahlaba umxhwele angama-38-42% kanye namaprotheni angama-20%. ENingizimu Afrika, izifunda ezihamba phambili ngokukhiqiza ubhekilanga yiFree State, eNyakatho Ntshonalanga, naseLimpopo.

Ubhekilanga uyisitshalo esikwazi ukumelana nezifo, esilungele ikakhulukazi izindawo ezikhahlamezekile ngenxa yesomiso, ngenxa yezimpande zawo ezijulile, amasu aqondene namaqabunga, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamanzi. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle ezindaweni ezilimayo eNingizimu Afrika. Ukwengeza, ukutshala ubhekilanga kubandakanya izindleko zokufaka eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo zasehlobo ezifana nommbila nobhontshisi wesoya.

Obhekilanga bakhula kahle enhlabathini eyahlukene, enobumba obuphakathi kuka-10% no-55%. Izimpande zawo ezijulile zenza izitshalo zikwazi ukuthola amanzi nezakhamzimba ezivela enhlabathini evundile kancane. Isibonelo, eNyakatho Ntshonalanga Free State, lapho okuqukethwe kobumba kungaphansi kuka-10%, futhi ezifundeni zaseNyakatho Ntshonalanga naseLimpopo, ezinobumba olungaphezu kuka-10%, ubhekilanga ukhiqizwa kakhulu. Nokho, ubhekilanga awenzi kahle enhlabathini ene-pH engaphansi kuka-6.0-7.5. Uma ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi kubonisa i-pH ephansi, umcako kufanele ufakwe okungenani izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukutholakala kwezakhi.

Naphezu kwenselelo yokutheleleka nge-Sclerotinia, ukukhiqizwa kukabhekilanga kuye kwanda, njengoba isilinganiso seminyaka engu-10 samahektha angu-580,000. IFree State, North West, kanye neLimpopo zifaka isandla cishe ngama-48%, 17%, kanye nama-33% ngokulandelana, kuleli nani, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zabelana ngokusele. Isilinganiso samanje sokuvunwa sisukela phakathi kwethani elingu-1/ha kanye no-1.5 amathani/ha. Ngokuphawulekayo, azikho izimbewu zikabhekilanga ezishintshwe izakhi ezitholakalayo; okuwukuphela kwenketho ethuthukisiwe ubuchwepheshe be-Clearfield® Plus (uphawu lokuhweba lwe-BASF), oluhlinzeka ngokulawula ngempumelelo ukhula olunamaqabunga abanzi notshani.

Ubhekilanga utshalwa ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa uwoyela wokupheka, ukudla kwezilwane, izimonyo, kanye nokudliwa ngabantu okusanhlamvu noma njengokudla okulula okunosawoti. Lesi sisetshenziswa esihlukene, kuhlangene nokuguquguquka kwesilimo kanye nokusimama komnotho, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwaso kwezolimo eNingizimu Afrika.

Izimfuneko zesimo sezulu

Ukugcwala kukawoyela kuthonywa amazinga okushisa. Ubhekilanga ujwayele izinga lokushisa elibanzi futhi ukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinogwadule. Ukuhlushwa kwamafutha kanye nekhwalithi kawoyela kuthonywa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Amazinga okushisa amaphakathi ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa imbewu Gcoba uwoyela ophakeme kanye nekhwalithi kanti amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezinga lokushisa elibanda kakhulu kuholela ekuvuneni okuphansi kanye nezinga eliphansi. Obhekilanga baphumelela emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-20°C kuya ku-25°C. Isitshalo singabekezelela amazinga okushisa aphakeme afinyelela ku-30°C, kodwa ukushisa okungaphezu kuka-35°C, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nezigaba zokugcwalisa imbewu, kunganciphisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yamafutha.

Izinga Lokushisa Lokuhluma : Imbewu kabhekilanga iqhuma kahle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-8°C kuya ku-10°C. Nakuba imbewu ingase iqhume emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-5°C, inqubo ihamba kancane.

Izinga lokushisa lokukhula: Izinga lokushisa liyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esinquma izinga lokukhula likabhekilanga. Njengoba kufudumala, izinga lokukhula liyakhula. Ubhekilanga ungabekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngemuva kwesigaba samaqabunga ayisithupha (noma i-V6), iba lula kakhulu kwisithwathwa.

Ukuzwela kwesithwathwa : Obhekilanga bayazwela kuqhwa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithombo. Ukutshala sekwephuzile ikakhulukazi izindawo ezijwayele ukuba nesithwathwa njengaseFreyistata akunconywa ngoba isigaba sokutshala singase sihambisane nezithwathwa ekwindla. ELimpopo, indawo lapho ubusika bushisa khona, abalimi bangase baphumelele ukutshala kukaDisemba noJanuwari.

Ukuna kwemvula namanzi: Obhekilanga badinga imvula ephakathi, phakathi kuka-500 mm no-750 mm ngesikhathi sokukhula. Nakuba isilimo siyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso futhi singakhula ezindaweni ezinemvula encane, ukuchelela ngenkasa kungase kudingeke ngezikhathi ezomile kakhulu ukuze kutholwe isivuno esihle.

Ukulungiswa komhlabathi nomhlabathi

Ukulungiswa kahle komhlaba kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ubhekilanga ngempumelelo. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zithathwe:

1. Ukuhlola Umhlabathi : Yenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ukuze uthole i-pH, amazinga ezakhi, kanye nokuthungwa kwenhlabathi. Obhekilanga bathanda inhlabathi evuthwe kahle ene-pH engu-6.0 kuya ku-7.5. Ngokufanayo ne-pH yommbila.
2. Ukulima : Lima insimu ishone ngo-20-30 cm ukuze uthuthukise ukungena komoya komhlabathi kanye nokungena kwezimpande.
3. Harrowing : Sebenzisa iharrow ukuhlephula amahlule bese udala umbhede wembewu ukuze kube lula ukuhluma nokuhluma.
4. Izichibiyelo Zomhlabathi : Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi, faka umcako ukulungisa i-pH uma kunesidingo futhi ufake izinto eziphilayo ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka komhlabathi.

Ukuphatha Umanyolo

Obhekilanga banezidingo ezithile zomsoco ukuze bakhule kahle. Noma yikuphi ukufakwa kukamanyolo kumele kusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. Ubhekilanga uphendula kahle ezicelweni ze-N kanye ne-P. Ukufakwa kwe-N kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwekhanda ukuze kube lula usayizi wekhanda, okuqukethwe kwamafutha, inombolo yamaqabunga, kanye nenani lembewu. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi u-80-100 kgN ungaba ungcono kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ubhekilanga. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-N ngaphezu kwamazinga afanele kungase kwehlise okuqukethwe kukawoyela futhi kwandise nengozi yokulala.

Okuqukethwe kukawoyela kuncishisiwe ngoba kukhona ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamaprotheni namafutha (kunobudlelwano obuphambene bukhona). Kutholakale ukuthi i-N eyeqile ikhuthaza ukukhula kwemifino kanye nokwakheka kwamaprotheni ngezindleko zamafutha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwe-N kunciphisa isivuno. Kumlimi, ukuphathwa kwe-nitrogen kuyisenzo sokulinganisa. Ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele basebenzise isabelomali sikamanyolo. Ukuze ube nesabelomali esiphumelelayo, kufanele uqonde imisoco ekhona kakade enhlabathini futhi wengeze lokho okushodayo ngokusekelwe kulokho okuhlosiwe kwesivuno sakho kanye nesidingo sikamanyolo.

Isidingo sikamanyolo wethani elingu-1 lokusanhlamvu nesitovu.

Ukulawula Ukhula

Ukulawula ukhula ngokuphumelelayo kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncintisana ngemisoco, amanzi, nokukhanya. Ake sibheke izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawula ukhula:

I-Clearfield Plus Technology : I-Pannar Seeds inikeza ubuchwepheshe be-Clearfield Plus (CLP), obuhlinzeka ngenye indlela yokulawula ukhula. I-Euro-Lightning Plus herbicide (Reg. No. L10316) egunyazwe ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-CLP inikeza ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kwangemva kokuhluma kwezinhlobonhlobo zokhula notshani obunamaqabunga. Ama-hybrids e-Pannar kuphela abhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa i-Euro-Lightning Plus okufanele alashwe ngalo muthi wokubulala ukhula. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zihlanganisa i-PAN 7102CLP, i-PAN 7160CLP, ne-PAN 7180CLP. Qaphela ukuthi wonke ama-sunflower hybrids e-Pannar awanayo i-GMO, futhi ukumelana nomuthi we-CLP kungenxa yokuguquguquka kwemvelo.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Ezivamile : Kubalimi abasebenzisa ama-hybrids avamile afana ne-PAN 7100 kanye ne-PAN 7090, imithi yokubulala ukhula evamile yangaphambi kokuhluma kanye neyangemuva kokuhluma kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuvumelana nezincomo zamalebula.

Ukulawula Ngomshini : Sebenzisa ukutshala phakathi kwemigqa ukuze ulawule ukhula, uqaphele ukuthi ungalimazi izimpande zikabhekilanga.

Usuku lokutshala kanye Nenani Lezitshalo

Ukutshala kufanele kubekwe isikhathi ukuze kuhambisane nokuqala kwenkathi yemvula ukuze kutholakale umswakamo ophelele. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukutshala kusenesikhathi (Oct/Nov) kukhiqiza isivuno esiningi kanye nowoyela kunotshalwa sekwephuzile (Dec/January).

Usuku lokutshala : EModimolle, iwindi elikahle lokutshala likabhekilanga lisuka maphakathi noNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari.

Izinga lembewu : Ihlose ukuba nezitshalo ezisukela ku-35,000 kuya ku-45,000 ehektheleni.

Isikhala Semigqa : Imigqa yesikhala ngamasentimitha angama-75 ngokuhlukana kwezitshalo okungama-20-30 cm phakathi komugqa.

Ukujula Kokutshala : Hlwanyela imbewu ekujuleni kuka-2.5 kuya ku-5 cm, kuye ngomswakama kanye nokuthungwa komhlabathi.

Ukuphathwa Kwezifo

Izifo ezivamile ze-sunflower okufanele uziqaphele zihlanganisa:

I-Downy Mildew : Ibangelwa i-Plasmopara halstedii , lesi sifo singalawuleka ngokusebenzisa ama-hybrids angazweli kanye nokufaka ama-fungicides.

Ukugqwala : Kubangelwa i-Puccinia helianthi , ukugqwala kungalawuleka ngezinhlobo ezimelana nezifo kanye nokufakwa kwesibulala-sikhunta ngesikhathi.

I-Sclerotinia Wilt : Ibangelwa i-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , ukuphatha kuhlanganisa ukujikelezisa izitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesibulala-sikhunta.

I-Verticillium Wilt : Ibangelwa i -Verticillium dahliae , ingaphathwa ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo nokusebenzisa ama-hybrids amelana.

Ukuvuna AmaHybrid Kabhekilanga: Umhlahlandlela onemininingwane

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-sunflower hybrid emakethe zihlukaniswa njengokuvuthwa okuphakathi nendawo ukuya kwakamuva. Nali umugqa wesikhathi onemininingwane kanye nokucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuvunwa kukabhekilanga:

Izigaba Zokukhula kanye Nokuvuthwa

• Izinsuku Zokuqhakaza : Ubhekilanga uvame ukuqhakaza izinsuku ezingaba ngu-60 ngemva kokutshala.

• I-Physiological Maturity : Lokhu kufinyelelwa phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-110 neziyi-120 ngemuva kokutshala, kuye ngehybrid.

• Ukulungela Ukuvuna : Abalimi ngokuvamile bangavuna ubhekilanga phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-140 neziyi-160 ngemva kokutshala, kuye ngohlobo olukhethiwe.

Ukulungiselela Ukuvuna

• Ukuhlola Isivuno : Phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-110 neziyi-125 ngemva kokutshala, abalimi kufanele bahlole isivuno sokugcina futhi baqale ukuhlela ukuthola izinkontileka zokuvunwa kwenhlanganisela.

• Ukuqapha Umswakama :

  • Umswakama Wokuvuna Okufanelekile : Hlanganisa ukuvuna kungenziwa ku-20% wokuqukethwe komswakama. Ukomisa ngemva kokuvuna kufanele kunciphise lokhu kube ku-10% ekulethweni kwezisele.

  • Izidingo Zesilo : Umswakama Wesitoreji kufanele ube cishe u-9.5% Amazinga omswakama aphezulu ngesikhathi sokulondoloza angaholela ekukhuleni kwesikhunta.

Hlanganisa Izilungiselelo Zomvuni

• Isivinini sesigubhu : Qinisekisa ukuthi isivinini sesigubhu sesixhumi sokuvuna sisethwe phakathi kuka-300 no-500 RPM ukuvimbela ukuphahlazeka kwembewu.

• Izilungiselelo Zomshini Wokuvuthela : I-blower kufanele ilungiswe ukuze ikhiphe izinhlanga eziningi, izingcezu zamaqabunga, ama-florets, izimbewu ezingenalutho, kanye nezinwele ezinhle kusampula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa imbewu encane.

Izinkomba Ezibonakalayo Zokulungela Ukuvuna

• Ukubukeka Kwekhanda : Amakhanda kabhekilanga amakhulu azoqala ukushona phansi futhi ajike aye phansi. Ingemuva lekhanda lizoba nsundu ngokuphuzi.

• I-Petal Drying : Amacembe amancane amboze imbewu ekhulayo azokoma futhi aqale ukuwa, aveze imbewu ehlanganiswe ngokuqinile evuthiwe.

• Ukuvuthwa Kwembewu : Imbewu evuthiwe izoqina futhi ibe mnyama nemithende emhlophe. Uma imbewu isemhlophe njengobisi, ayikavuthwa. Donsa imbewu embalwa ukuze uhlole ukukhula kwazo.

• Umbala Wamahlamvu : Amahlamvu azoba phuzi njengoba isitshalo sikhula.

Ukuqinisekisa Umswakama

• Umswakama Amamitha : Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa imitha yomswakama ukuze uqinisekise umswakama ophezulu wesivuno ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuvuna.

Isiphetho

Ukukhiqizwa kukabhekilanga eNingizimu Afrika kunenzuzo enkulu, kunikeza isivuno esingaphezu kwamathani ama-2 ehektheleni ngalinye ngezindleko zokufaka ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo ngempumelelo. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2024, amanani e-SAFEX aqala phakathi kuka-R8,000 no-R9,000 ngethani, kanti ukukhiqiza kubiza cishe u-R10,000 ihektha ngalinye. Lokhu kuhumusha emalini yenzuzo engaba khona cishe engama-44% ehektheleni. Abathengi abakhulu abanjengoWillowton Group, i-Epko Oil Crushing, uNola, AGFRI, kanye neSenwes bangabadlali ababalulekile emakethe. Abalimi bayelulekwa ukuthi bathole izivumelwano zokuthola inzuzo ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze bazuze inzuzo enkulu.