Ukulawula Ukhula Emmbila: Umhlahlandlela Obalulekile Wabalimi

by Caiphas Muyambo | 29 Disemba 2024 | admin@seedlink.co.za

Ukulawula ukhula ngendlela ephumelelayo kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ummbila, njengoba ukhula luqhudelana nezitshalo zommbila ngokuthola imisoco, amanzi, ukukhanya kwelanga nendawo. ENingizimu Afrika, lapho izimo zezulu ezihlukene kanye nohlobo lwenhlabathi luthonya ukhula, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela ehambisanayo yokulawula ukhula. Ngokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokuncipha kwesilinganiso senzuzo, kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abalimi basebenzise izinhlelo zokulawula ukhula ezingabizi kakhulu futhi ezihlelwe kahle. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-khula ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kubalulekile hhayi nje ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle ngokushesha kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwemvelo nokulondoloza izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zale mikhiqizo. Lo mhlahlandlela ugxile emthelela wokhula ekukhiqizeni izitshalo, ukubaluleka kokufunda nokulandela amalebula emikhiqizo, kanye nesidingo sokuthi abalimi bahlole ngokujulile izinhlelo zokufutha ezituswa osonkontileka nabeluleki.

1. Umthelela Wokhula Ekukhiqizeni Ummbila

Ukhula lunciphisa kakhulu isivuno sommbila ngalokhu:

• Ukuncintisana ngezinsiza ezibalulekile ezifana namanzi nezakhamzimba.
• Isebenza njengabasingathi bezinambuzane nezifo.
• Ukuphazamisa imisebenzi yokuvuna kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokusanhlamvu.

Ukulawula ukhula kusenesikhathi, ikakhulukazi emasontweni ayisithupha okuqala ngemva kokuhluma kommbila, kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe amandla esivuno.

2. Ama-herbicides okulawula ukhula emmbila

Imithi yokubulala ukhula idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukhula, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ekusetshenzisweni nasekukhethweni okufanele. Yonke imithi yokubulala ukhula yakhelwe ukulawula ukhula oluthile , futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ekusetshenzisweni ngendlela efanele. Kubalulekile ukuthi abalimi bahlale benaka izithako ezisebenzayo emkhiqizweni ngamunye ohlelweni lwesifutho. Bheka inkomba yesenzo ye-CropLife yokubulala ukhula kulesi sixhumanisi. Izithako ezisebenzayo zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokusekelwe kumodi yesenzo. Eminye imithi yokubulala ukhula iqukethe izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, enikeza ukulawula ukhula okubanzi futhi inciphisa ingozi yokukhula kokungazweli. Isibonelo, i-SureStart® iwumkhiqizo we-Corteva Agriscience onezithako ezisebenzayo ezi-3 ( bona ilebula l); i-acetochlor, i-flumetsulam, i-clopyralid eseqenjini i-K3, O, kanye no-B eyinikeza indlela yezinyathelo ezi-3 zokulawula ukhula. Nakuba, i-Roundup® PowerMAX ine-glyphosate njengesithako esisebenzayo kuQembu G.

Ukuze uthole imiphumela esebenzayo ngokusebenzisa ama-herbicides, abalimi kufanele:

• Qala ngokuhlonza Ukhula Oluyizinkinga: Yazi izinhlobo zokhula ezihamba phambili emasimini akho.
• Funda Amalebula Omkhiqizo: Hlola ilebula ukuze uqinisekise i-spectrum ye-herbicide yokulawula ukhula, amanani anconyiwe, kanye nesikhathi sokufaka isicelo.
• Qonda Izinto Zomhlaba kanye Nezemvelo: Eminye imithi yokubulala ukhula isebenza kangcono ezinhlotsheni ezithile zenhlabathi nangaphansi kwezimo ezithile zezulu.

Imithi yokubulala ukhula iqoqwa kabanzi ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwayo njengemithi yokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuhluma kanye nangemuva kokuhluma: Imichilo yokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuvela kokhula isetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhluma kokhula, iqondise imbewu yokhula nezithombo kuyilapho izibulala-zinambuzane zangemuva kokuhluma zisetshenziswa ngemva kokuvela kokhula, ziqondise ukhula olukhula ngokukhuthele.

Ake sibheke izibonelo:

Qaphela: Izibonelo ezinikeziwe ezezinjongo zemifanekiso kuphela futhi azihlanganisi imihlahlandlela esemthethweni noma izinhlelo zokufutha ezinconyiwe. Ukuze uthole izixazululo ezihambisana nezidingo ezithile zepulazi lakho, sicela uthintane nochwepheshe bakho bokuvikela izitshalo

Ama-Pre-Emergence Herbicides akha umgoqo wokuvikela emhlabathini ovimbela ukhula ukuthi luqhume noma luzinze ngokwalo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele isivuno. Le mithi yokubulala ukhula iphumelela kakhulu ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kommbila, lapho ukuncintisana kokhula kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno okubaluleke kakhulu. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• I-SureStart : Umuthi obulala ukhula wangaphambi kokuvela oqukethe i-acetochlor, i-clopyralid, ne-flumetsulam (Imithi yokubulala ukhula Yeqembu K3, O, kanye no-B). I-SureStart ilawula utshani obuhlukahlukene baminyaka yonke kanye nokhula olunamaqabunga abanzi, inikeza umsebenzi osalayo ukuze icindezele ukhula ngezigaba zokuqala zokukhula kwezitshalo.
• I-S-Metolachlor : (isb., Igolide Elibili , Iqembu K3) Ilawula utshani bonyaka kanye nokhula olunamaqabunga abanzi anembewu encane. Inikeza umsebenzi wensalela ende futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlangana neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula.
• I-Terbuthylazine : (isb, i-Tyllanex 500 SC , Iqembu C1) Isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nokhula olunamaqabunga abanzi notshani obuthile, ngokuvamile obusetshenziswa ezixukwini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle.

Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile:

• Uhlobo lomhlabathi: Eminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokuhluma, njenge-acetochlor, isebenza kangcono enhlabathini enobumba egcina umswakama kahle.
• Ukuvuselela Umswakama: Izibulala-khula zangaphambi kokuhluma zidinga imvula noma ukuchelela ukuze kusebenze. Ukuzisebenzisa ngaphambi kokuna kwemvula okulindelekile kuhle.
• I-Weed Spectrum: Abalimi kufanele bahlonze izinhlobo zokhula ezivelele futhi bakhethe umkhiqizo ophumelelayo ngokumelene nalolo khula oluthile.

Kungani Lokhu Kubalulekile: Izibulala-khula zangaphambi kokuhluma zivimbela ukhula ekuqhudelaneni phakathi kwesigaba esibalulekile sokusungulwa kommbila. Ukuncintisana kusenesikhathi kungaholela ekulahlekeni kwesivuno esikhulu, njengoba ukhula lusebenza kahle kunezitshalo zommbila ezisencane ekumunceni umsoco namanzi emhlabathini.

Ama-post-Emergence Herbicides asetshenziswa ngemuva kokuvela kommbila nokhula. Baqondisa ukukhula kokhula, baqinisekise ukuthi noma iluphi ukhula oluphunyukile ezicelweni zangaphambi kokuhluma lulawulwa ngempumelelo. Eminye yemithi yokubulala ukhula etholakala ezinhlelweni zangemuva kokuvela ihlanganisa:

• I-Terbuthylazine : (isb., i-Tyllanex 500 SC, Iqembu C1) Isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nokhula olunamaqabunga abanzi kanye notshani obuthile, ngokuvamile obusetshenziswa ezixukwini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle.
• I-Glyphosate: (isb., i-Roundup, i-Group G) Ayikhethi futhi iphumelela kakhulu ekulawuleni ukhula olubanzi. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ngokuqapha ezinhlelweni zommbila ukugwema ukulimala kwezitshalo. Qaphela ukuthi lesi sibulala-khula sisebenza kuphela kummbila osulungile we-Roundup
• I-Mesotrione: (isb, i-Callisto , iQembu F2) Ilawula ukhula olunamaqabunga abanzi kanye nobunye utshani. Ivamise ukuxutshwa ngethangi neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukhula.

Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile:

• Isigaba Sokukhula Kokhula: Faka isicelo lapho ukhula luseluncane futhi lukhula ngokukhuthele, ngokuvamile emaqabunga ama-2-4 otshani nama-rosette amancane okhula olunamaqabunga abanzi. Ungayisebenzisi i-glyphosate ngemva kwe-V8.
• Ukuphepha Kwezitshalo: Sebenzisa ama-herbicides akhethiwe angalimazi ummbila. Qinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi sokufaka isicelo esilungile kanye nezilinganiso zokufaka izicelo ezixubeni zamathangi. Izimo zemvelo ezifana nomoya kanye nomswakama kumele zilungele ukufutha.
• Ukuxuba Amathangi: Hlanganisa ama-herbicides angemuva kokuvela nama-adjuvants ukuze uthuthukise ukungena nokusebenza.

Kungani Lokhu Kubalulekile: Izibulala-zinambuzane zangemuva kokuhluma zivumela abalimi ukuthi balawule ukhula oluvela kamuva enkathini, r kufundisa ukuncintisana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isilimo singakhulisa amandla aso okukhula. Ngaphandle kokulawula okuphumelelayo kwangemva kokuvela, ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kusengenzeka naphezu kokungenelela kwangaphambili.

3. Izingxube Zamathangi Ngaphambi Kokuvela Nangemva Kokuvela

Izingxube zamathangi, lapho imithi yokubulala ukhula eminingi futhi ngezinye izikhathi neminye imikhiqizo ihlanganiswa esitsheni esisodwa, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawulweni kokhula lwangaphambi nangemuva kokuhluma. Nakuba lezi zinqubo zingasebenza kahle, zidinga ukuhlela nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.

Izingxube Zamathangi Zangaphambi Kokuphuphuma ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izibulala-khula eziyinsalela njenge-atrazine ne-acetochlor ukulawula ukhula oluningi ngaphambi kokuba luqhamuke.

Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile:

• Qinisekisa ukuhambisana kwemikhiqizo ukuvimbela ukusebenza kahle okuncishisiwe noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
• Landela izincomo zelebula zohlobo lwenhlabathi, i-pH nezimo zomswakama ukuze ugweme ukulimala kwezitshalo.

Izixube Zamathangi Angemva Kokuvela ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izibulala-khula ezifana ne-glyphosate kanye neminye imithi yokubulala ukhula ekhethiwe kanye nama-adjuvants okusebenza okuthuthukisiwe. Ezinye izingxube zingafaka izibulala-zinambuzane.

Okucatshangelwayo Okubalulekile:

• Izigaba zokukhula kokhula okuqondiswe kuzo: Faka isicelo lapho ukhula luluncane futhi lukhula ngokukhuthele ukuze lusebenze kahle kakhulu.
• Gwema ukuxuba imithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane nezinto eziphikisayo, njengoba lokhu kunganciphisa ukulawula. Isibonelo, i-glyphosate izinze kakhulu ku-pH elinganiselwa ku-5.0 ngakho-ke akufanele ihlanganiswe nama-herbicides adinga izimo ze-alkaline.

Izinzuzo Zengxube Yamathangi

• Yehlisa inani lamaphasi kagandaganda, wonge isikhathi nophethiloli, futhi uvimbele ukuminyana kwenhlabathi ngamasondo kagandaganda.
• Khulisa i-spectrum yokulawula ukhula ngokukhomba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Izingozi kanye Nokunciphisa Emixubeni Yamathangi

• I-Phytotoxicity: Izindlela zokusebenza ezinqwabelene noma amanani angalungile angalimaza izitshalo zommbila.
• Ukuthuthukiswa Kokumelana: Ukuthembela ngokweqile emithini yokubulala ukhula emixubeni kungasheshisa ukumelana. Zungezisa izindlela zesenzo ukuze unciphise le ngozi.
• Ukungcoliswa kwesifutho: Hlanza izinto zokusebenza kahle phakathi kwezicelo ukuze ugweme ukulimala kwezitshalo okungahlosiwe.

4. Ukubaluleka kokufunda amalebula omkhiqizo

Ilebula lomkhiqizo wokubulala ukhula lifana nencwadi kadokotela. Inikeza imiyalelo enembile yokuqinisekisa imiphumela esebenzayo futhi igweme imiphumela engahlosiwe. Nakhu ukuthi kungani ukufunda nokulandela amalebula kubalulekile:

1. Ukunemba Ekusetshenzisweni Kwesicelo: Amalebula acacisa umthamo olungile, isikhathi, kanye nendlela yokufaka isicelo, kufana nencwadi kadokotela eqinisekisa ukwelashwa okufanele kwesimo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungalimaza izitshalo kanye nemvelo, kanti ukungasebenzisi kahle kungaholela ekulawuleni ukhula okungekuhle kanye nokumelana nezibulala-khula.
2. Izincomo Ezifanisiwe: Amalebula enzelwe izinhlobo ezithile zokhula, izigaba zezitshalo, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukusebenzisa kabi umkhiqizo ongaphandle kobubanzi bawo kungabangela ukwehluleka noma ukulimala kwezitshalo.
3. Ukuvimbela Ukumelana: Ukulandela imihlahlandlela yelebula kusiza ekwehliseni ukumelana ne-herbicide ngokuqinisekisa amanani afanele okufaka isicelo kanye nokukhuthaza ukuzungezisa ngezinye izindlela zokwenza.
4. Impilo Nokuphepha: Amalebula ahlanganisa izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibalulekile, abafaka izicelo ezivikelayo, izitshalo, kanye nemvelo.
5. Ukuthobelana Nomthetho: Amalebula omkhiqizo amele imibhalo yezomthetho. Ukungathobeli imithetho kungaholela ezijezisweni noma ekulahlekelweni kwezitifiketi, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yezentengiso.

Ukuziba ilebula yokubulala ukhula kufana nokushaya indiva incwadi kadokotela - kuyindlela yokugwema inhlekelele. Abalimi kumele baphathe la malebula njengeziqondiso ezibalulekile zokulawula ukhula ngempumelelo kanye nokulima okuzinzile.

5. Iqhaza Losonkontileka Nokwengamela Abalimi

Abalimi bavame ukuthembela kosonkontileka noma abeluleki ukuthi bancome futhi basebenzise izinhlelo zokufutha. Nakuba laba chwepheshe beletha ulwazi olubalulekile nokusebenza kahle, kubalulekile ukuthi abalimi bahlale bebambe iqhaza ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi uhlelo luzifanela izimo zabo ezithile. Okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile kuhlanganisa:

• Buyekeza Kahle Izinhlelo Zokufutha: Ngaso sonke isikhathi cela incazelo enemininingwane yemithi yokubulala ukhula enconyiwe, okuhlanganisa izithako zayo ezisebenzayo kanye nokhula oluthile oluqondiswe kubo. Gwema ukwamukela amagama omkhiqizo afushanisiwe noma izincazelo ezingacacile ezenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kohlelo.
• Qinisekisa Ukufaneleka KweHerbicide: Hlola ngokucophelela imithi yokubulala ukhula enconyiwe ngokumelene nokhula oluyinkinga emasimini akho ngokufunda ngokucophelela amalebula. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo iyasebenza okhula okukhulunywa ngalo.
• I-akhawunti Yemicindezelo Yokhula Lwasendaweni: Yazi ukuthi isibalo sokhula nezingcindezi ziyahluka kakhulu ngokwesifunda. Qinisekisa ukuthi umeluleki oncoma uhlelo lokufutha uvakashele ipulazi lakho ukuze ahlole izinhlobo zokhula, izimo zomhlabathi, kanye nezici zemvelo.
• Hlola Ukuhambisana Kwemiksi Yamathangi: Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izingxube zamathangi, qinisekisa ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo iyahambisana. Izinhlanganisela ezingafanele zinganciphisa ukusebenza kwezingxenye ngazinye noma zidale ukulimala okungahlosiwe ezitshalweni.

Lapho abalimi bebamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekubuyekezeni nasekuqinisekiseni izinhlelo zokufutha, bangaqinisekisa ukuthi izincomo zihambisana nezidingo ezihlukile zepulazi labo, okuholela ekulawuleni ukhula ngempumelelo kanye nesivuno esiphezulu sezitshalo.

Indaba emfushane:

Umlimi eLimpopo ubone ukuphathwa kabi kweCyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) naphezu kokulandela uhlelo losonkontileka. Lapho kubuyekezwa amalebula e-herbicide, kwacaca ukuthi imikhiqizo yayingasebenzi ngokumelene nalolu khula. Ukulungisa uhlelo ukuze lufake phakathi i-halosulfuron kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukulawula.

6. Yithi Cha ku-Blanket Solutions

Ukuphathwa kokhula kufanele kucacise indawo. Izixazululo zengubo, lapho uhlelo olufanayo lokubulala ukhula lusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezahlukene, ngokuvamile ziyehluleka ukubhekana nezingcindezi zendawo zokhula. Ukuze ugweme izixazululo zengubo abalimi kufanele baqinisekise:

• Ukuhlonza Ukhula: Yenza ukuhlola njalo ukuze ubone izinhlobo zokhula ezivelele.
• Ukumelana Nokubulala Ukhula: Zungezisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ngezindlela ezihlukene zokwenza ukuze uvimbele ukumelana.
• Izinhlelo Ezihlanganisiwe: Sebenzisana nezazi zezolimo namahlathi ukuze uklame uhlelo olufanele izimo ezithile zepulazi lakho kuphela.

7. Imikhuba Yokulawula Ukhula Esimeme

Ukulawula ukhula isikhathi eside kudinga ukuhlanganisa amakhemikhali, amasiko, kanye nezinqubo zemishini ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthembela emithini yokubulala ukhula. Lokhu okulandelayo ngezinye zezinqubo abalimi abangazilandela:

• Ukujikeleziswa Kwezitshalo: Hlukanisa ukhula ngokutshala izitshalo ezahlukene. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kuphazamisa umjikelezo wokhula ngokushintshanisa izitshalo ezinemikhuba ehlukene yokukhula, izikhathi zokutshala, kanye nezidingo zomsoco. Isibonelo, ukuphendukisa ummbila onemifino efana nobhontshisi wesoya noma ubhontshisi owomile kucindezela ukhula olukhula kahle ngommbila. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kunciphisa ukunqwabelana kokhula olujwayele ukuphatha isilimo esisodwa
• Izitshalo Zekhava: Cindezela ukukhula kokhula ngokufaka umthunzi emhlabathini, ukunciphisa ukukhanya okutholakalayo, nokukhipha amakhemikhali e-alelopathic avimbela ukuhluma kokhula. Izibonelo zifaka i-oats kanye ne-rye ekahle kakhulu ekumbozeni ubusika futhi ingatshalwa ngemva kokuvunwa kommbila. Ukufaka izitshalo zokumboza ekujikelezweni nakho kuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi ngokunciphisa ukuguguleka, ukwandisa izinto eziphilayo, nokulungisa i-nitrogen esimweni semifino.
• Ukulawulwa Kwemishini: Faka ukulinywa komhlabathi noma ukutshala ngokwenza lapho kungenzeka. Ngaphambi kokutshala, qiniseka ukuthi umbhede wembewu uhlanzekile futhi awunalo ukhula. Ukumboza umhlabathi ngezinto eziphilayo ezinjengotshani noma izinsalela zezitshalo nakho kucindezela ukumila kokhula futhi konga umswakama.
• I-Herbicide Stewardship: Sebenzisa izibulala-khula ngokuzibophezela ukuze unciphise umthelela wendawo futhi ugcine ukusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo.

Isiphetho

Ukulawulwa kokhula okuphumelelayo emmbila kudinga indlela enamasu nenolwazi. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela ama-herbicides, ukunamathela eziqondisweni zamalebula, kanye nokuhlola ngokucophelela izinhlelo zokufutha, abalimi bangafinyelela ekulawuleni ukhula ngempumelelo. Ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezihambisana nezimo zendawo kubalulekile kukho kokubili imiphumela esheshayo kanye nokusimama kwesikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi ngokucophelela kubalulekile. Ukulandelela izinhlobo zokhula, ukufakwa kwemichilo yokubulala ukhula (okuhlanganisa izithako ezisebenzayo, amanani okufaka isicelo, izingxube zamathangi, nezinsuku), kanye nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kuvumela abalimi ukuthi:

• Thola amasu okuphatha asebenzayo
• Qaphela ukukhula kokumelana nokhula
• Lungiselela ukusetshenziswa kwensiza
• Lungisa ngokuqhubekayo izinhlelo zokulawula ukhula zesikhathi esizayo

Ukufunda okuqhubekayo ngobuchwepheshe obusha bokulawula ukhula, kanye nezinhlelo eziqhubekayo zokufundisa nokuqeqesha abalimi, kuzobaluleka ekuqinisekiseni ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kanye nokulawulwa kokhula ngempumelelo.